In March 1947 the United Kingdom and France signed the Dunkirk Treaty. The Allied Powers decided during the war at the 1943 Moscow Conference to establish the European Advisory Commission in 1944, which resulted with the end of the war 1945 in the Allied Control Council. Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, who successfully established during the interwar period the oldest organization for European integration, the Paneuropean Union, founded in June 1947 the European Parliamentary Union (EPU). Winston Churchill called in 1943 for a post-war "Council of Europe" and on 19 September 1946, at the University of Zürich, coincidentally parallel to the Hertenstein Congress of the Union of European Federalists, for a United States of Europe. The Ventotene prison Manifesto of 1941 by Altiero Spinelli propagated European integration through the Italian Resistance and after 1943 through the European Federalist Movement. In this light European integration was seen, already during the war, as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated parts of the continent.
Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the union has developed a role in external relations and defence. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Additionally, all EU countries have a very high Human Development Index according to the United Nations Development Programme. There are several other countries that are negotiating to join the European Union.Ĭontaining 5.8 per cent of the world population in 2020, the EU generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around US$17.1 trillion in 2021, constituting approximately 18 per cent of global nominal GDP. Before this, four territories of current member states had left the EU or its forerunners. In 2020, the United Kingdom became the only member state to leave the EU. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. The communities and their successors have grown in size by the accession of 21 new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to their remit. The original member states of what came to be known as the European Communities were the Inner Six: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome. The union and EU citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity (without precedent or comparison) with the characteristics of either a federation or confederation.
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The eurozone is a monetary union established in 1999, coming into full force in 2002, that is composed of the 19 EU member states that use the euro currency. Passport controls have been abolished for travel within the Schengen Area.
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EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market enact legislation in justice and home affairs and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development. An internal single market has been established through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states have agreed to act as one. The union has a total area of 4,233,255.3 km 2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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